Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Educational Reconstructionism The Philosophy And...

Think of the following situation: a world where the generation of children, teens, and young adults are actively thinking of the future and what to do to help the world become a better place. Some say that this is unrealistic. There are many of you believe that the children, teens, and young adults, are primarily focused on themselves too much to every consider the world as a whole. The true fact is that in general, these younger generations are not even given an opportunity to think outside of their own self-centered mindset. William H. Fisher wrote in his article, â€Å"Introducing Educational Reconstructionism: The Philosophy and Practice of Transforming Society Through Education†, that Educational Reconstructionism is consistently ignored (para. 1). Fisher explains that the reason for this is the hope that anything that is not conservative in nature will be forgotten and lost, but Educational Reconstructionism has persistently made its way into our society; it has probabl y more so now than ever before. For citing in text you need to include the author’s last name and year of publication. If you want to give additional info that is ok but you must include these two parts. To truly understand Educational Reconstructionism, it is important to know where it began. It all started when philosophy and history began to intermingle with each other. The idea of moving from the far right and crossing lines into the left wing. FDR (don’t assume people know who FDR is. If you use

Monday, December 23, 2019

Differences Between Human Innovation And Natural Evolution

Cities are an integral part of human existence. While it is easy to overlook their impact on our lives, it is important to understand both how and why cities were formed in order to better understand our own history. Since cities are both a natural product of evolution and a human invention, their emergence is difficult to understand. Two of the first cities ever formed can be examined in order to better understand this complex relationship between human innovation and natural evolution. Most historians consider the civilization that formed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and was inhabited by the Sumerians to be the first city (â€Å"The Invention of Civilization, I† 3). In Egypt, conquerors battled to gain control over villages that dotted the banks of the Nile River, eventually resulting in the creation of the first empire and many cities within the pharaoh’s domain. The formation and evolution of these cities offer a glimpse into the underlying purpose of citie s and how they began. Sumerians constructed the first real city – or a group of 5000 or more people living together – in the Tigris and Euphrates river valley primarily for agricultural reasons (2). Before they settled, most people avoided these rivers because of the violent and often unpredictable flooding that frequently ravaged the land. Instead, most early people settled in small communities in the hills and along smaller tributaries and streams that stemmed from these two mighty rivers. Perhaps due toShow MoreRelatedCreationism vs1206 Words   |  5 PagesCreationism Vs. Evolution in Today’s Society The dispute between creationism and evolution is a long debated controversy. It is an argument most people choose to avoid. This debate is extremely controversial due to personal belief, most in part due to secularism and religion. Even with the exponentially increasing knowledge of today, it has remained a long fought controversy throughout the twenty-first century. Science deals with the mind, and is the backbone of modern civilization. Religion dealsRead MoreEvolution of Intelligence1228 Words   |  5 Pagesto acquire and apply knowledge and skills. But intelligence has evolved from the past. The innovation of fire furthered to the light bulb, as the hut became the skyscraper. This topic is worthy to investigate because modern humans have advanced so greatly, but how exactly had our genius evolved and where did our intelligence start. How are the intelligence of early humans different from that of modern humans, and what inferences can be made from this data? What is intelligence exactly? IntelligenceRead MoreA Cautionary Analysis of Transhumanist Philosophy Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagestechnologies that they read about, such as life-extension therapies or cybernetic implants. A new philosophy known as Transhumanism has emerged in response to these innovations and has embraced this vision of a death-free future populated by enhanced posthumans. However, although many of these technologies have an enormous potential to improve the human condition, it is essential that we as a species practice discretion and moderation as these techniques and devices are implemented if we hope to avoid manyRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution Essay1353 Words   |  6 PagesThere is no debate that the worlds first power of surviving relies on evolution, to a point where one does not have to look outside the box to witness it ... theyre sitting on it. Many have mistaken the term Evolution with a state of randomness, an improvement or even a biogenesis. Other s have related it to the origins of the universe, a social Darwinism that resulted in a massive diversity regarding theory and ideology. While people choose to rest their bodies on a chair in attempt to find anRead MoreThe Evolution of Language1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of Language The study of language is very intriguing once you start looking a little farther into it. I read through many books and sources to help make the history of language a little more clear and found many interesting ideas. I found that something as simple as the way you use your hand could shape the brain, language, and human culture (The Hand). I also found many sources on human evolution; and digging a bit deeper into this area showed me many thoughts andRead MoreThe Introduction Of The Modular Model Of Thought, By Jerry1468 Words   |  6 Pagesmodel of thought, by Jerry Fodor, resulted in a restructuring of how scientists view the human mind; this idea also resulted in the re-examination of the differences between the brains of anatomically modern humans (AMH) and Neanderthals (N). The modular model of thought is primarily used to describe these differences in terms of evolution, or lack thereof, in the brains of AMH and N. The differences between the brains of AMH and N are general ly shown through the differing size and shape relativeRead MoreWhat Is Innovation? State Two Innovations That Has Revolutionised The Current Market? Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion:1 What is Innovation? State two Innovations that has revolutionised the current market in the last decade? The process of translating an idea or invention into a good or service that creates value for which consumers will pay is called an innovation, an idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need. Innovation involves deliberal application of information, imagination and initiative in deriving different values from resources, and includes all processesRead MoreCharles Darwin, A Scientist And Natural Observer Of The World1287 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1871, a scientist and natural observer of the world published a book named The Descent of Man, despite it contradicting the widely held religious beliefs of the time. Charles Darwin, the naturalist famous for his contributions to evolutionary theory, applies his own theories of evolution to humans in his book, The Descent of Man, and explains that the common cognitive characteristics which define humans as unique have â€Å"...no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals† (34). Darwi nRead MoreProduct Of Nature And The Patent Law1336 Words   |  6 PagesPRODUCT OF NATURE IN PATENT LAW INTRODUCTION There exist several areas where further research and development is essential to promote the longevity of mankind and enhance the quality of life, and since the aim of the patent system is to promote innovation, it incentivises the same by looking after the financial aspect of the research through funds and research grants. At the same time, certain domains of extremely important research, requiring heavy funding, fall into the patent-ineligible categoryRead MoreEssay on â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid† and â€Å"Get Smarter†1370 Words   |  6 PagesHumans are becoming more technologically-efficient every day. New inventions and innovations are constantly being made. The Internet is becoming more â€Å"reliable† every day. However, how much do we really get from the constant advancement of Internet use and smarter technology? Should we look at their contributions to the world as a benefactor or a curse? The common effect of â€Å"artificial intelligence† in the technology we use every day is examined by two brilliant authors, Nicholas Carr and Jamias

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Using Mixed Method Both Qualitative Quantitative Research Free Essays

Background Once upon a time there was a successful line of convenience stores. We’ll call this group of stores â€Å"QuickStop†. At some point a staff-member realised that QuickStop seemed to be patronised by many more men than women. We will write a custom essay sample on Using Mixed Method: Both Qualitative Quantitative Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was passed along to the management team and they asked the store tellers to informally keep track of the proportions of men to women who came into their stores. It turned out that the theory seemed to hold true, and in fact far more men patronized QuickStop than did women. This information was passed along to the other managers at other QuickStop stores and they found the same trend. This received some higher level management attention and they began to wonder why this was occurring. Eventually management made the decision that this was too large a group of potential customers to lose, and a decision was eventually made to study this phenomenon and to understand why it was taking place, and if anything could be done about it. Research Objective A research project was designed to understand how women felt about shopping at QuickStop stores and why. It was decided that this research should be qualitative and the specific methodology would be In-depth-Interviews (this is research with one professional interviewer and one respondent at a time – in this case the decision was made because there were suspicions that there could be sensitive issues that wouldn’t be discussed as candidly in a group setting). Qualitative Research About two dozen current or potential female customers were paid to come into a research facility to discuss the use of convenience stores in general, and later in the interviews the discussion was directed specifically to QuickStop convenience stores, in particular. The results were very surprising to the management team. The major qualitative findings included  the following: i. Women viewed convenience stores to be primarily designed for men, with little or no consideration for women, ii. The bathrooms at convenience stores were believed to be the dirtiest that could be found in a city – â€Å"gross† was the most common description – and that perception permeated everything that women felt about convenience stores in general iii. QuickStop was seen as one of the worst of convenience stores â€Å"kind of the place for a man to buy gas, get a six-pack of cheap beer and cigarettes, but not the kind of place I want to go†. Quantitative Research Once the management team had an understanding of what issues they faced with female customers, they felt that they needed to understand how broadly these beliefs were held. Now they needed to get some hard numbers, and that meant that they needed to conduct quantitative market research. The research objective for this phase of research were: i. Understand how female customers of QuickStop differ from those that don’t regularly visit these stores. ii. Understand whether or not a renovation of QuickStop could entice each group to visit more frequently (or at all depending on whether the respondent currently avoided QuickStop entirely). For the quantitative phase of research they decided to conduct 250 telephone interviews with a combination of female respondents. The requirements to participate in this phase of research were that: half of the respondents stated that they had used QuickStop at least five times in the last year, and the other half admitted to intentionally avoiding QuickStop altogether, although they did use other brands of convenience stores. The major results  from the quantitative phase indicated that: a. Over 76% of all female QuickStop customers were women under 30 years old, without children, while women with children and with higher incomes were 5 times less likely to shop at QuickStop b. The good news was that of the women who didn’t currently use QuickStop, 64% said that if these stores were to update their color schemes, clean up their bathrooms and update their health and feminine products that they would be willing to try QuickStop again. The two phases of research (qualitative + quantitative) gave the QuickStop management team a very good understanding of where they currently stood with female customers and why. Their quantitative research also indicated that those women who were not currently using their stores would â€Å"forgive† them if they changed their ways. Their decision now was to decide if gaining more middle-aged women as customers was worth the cost of updating their stores and spending more money to keep them clean and neat, and better stocked with the types of products that middle-aged women with children needed. Research note: in general when conducting two phases of research (in this case qualitative and quantitative market research) it’s most often the case that the first phase (qualitative research) is conducted first as a â€Å"lead-in†. Qualitative research tends to help the management team understand the underlying issues, and the second phase (quantitative in this case) helps to understand how pervasive/wide spread these feelings/attitudes are among a certain target audience. How to cite Using Mixed Method: Both Qualitative Quantitative Research, Essays

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Personal and Professional Development Efficient Planning

Question: Discuss about a Essay on Personal and Professional Development for Efficient Planning ? Answer: Introduction The personal development is considered as one of the most Efficient Planning processes for acquiring the excellence in the future interested zones. According to Alkin (2011, p.125), the professionals are also developing their personal skills for making the most use of their expertise. The development of the personal and the professional skills decides the relevant track that one needs to keep by concerning improvement and changes. Bolton (2011, p.133) stated that the one who needs to undertake such development has to consider the proper methods by assuring the required fields of changes. A proper planning process for the improvisation of the professional and the personal skills will be a signified way for keeping the interests high (Kruckeberg et al. 2011, p.98). This particular study will be evaluating the necessity of the proper planning process for confirming the success in future. Evaluation of the different approaches considering the self-managing the learning It is quite evident that the development procedure of learning requires several approaches for justifying the applied self-managing system. Some of the approaches are therefore discussed below: Enhancements of the Performance Firstly, it is very much required to recognize the probable rectification of the skills. Based on the past performance, one needs to think specifically if the performance level has been decreased. The differentiation between the previous performance level and the current one is needed to be judged accordingly. In such cases, Tomlinson (2012, p.336) mentioned, the learner can take the advices from the Human Resource Management, colleagues or the managers. In the simple presentation, it can be inferred that the enhancement of the performance is based on the specific field that one wants to persuade the career. The knowledge about the negotiation skills and the self-coaching system can be helpful enough in enhancing the performance skill (Cummings and Worley, 2014, p.205). Targeting the specified Job Market Usually people fail to concentrate on the requirement of the changing business market, as they get too busy at work. Therefore, Noe et al. (2014, p.182) pointed out that it is very much necessary to specify ones key skill and suggest them the suitable job role. In addition, it can be implied that the lack of proper qualification skills based on the requirements can come up as some serious issues in selecting target market. Upgrading the knowledgeable skills According to Cottrell (2013, p.201), some of the professional zones requires the upgraded knowledge as the areas and needs keep on changing. Therefore, the learner firstly should keep the eyes on the needs and accordingly up-to-date the knowledge as per the requirements. Apart from these self-managing steps, it is very much required to concentrate on some of the personal skills development. Reading different types of books and journals, keeping eyes on the newspapers and news channels, joining different monitoring or training classes, spending time in conversing with other professionals, enlisting names into different professional associations would be very much helpful in developing the professional skills more relevantly. The ways of encouraging the lifelong learning in professional and personal contexts According to Daft and Marcic (2013, p.114), the lifelong learning is substantially referring the development of the skills in personal and professional contexts. The learners can assess their personal development of the lifelong learning by the evaluation of their strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats. It can be inferred that ones most prominent strength are the ambitious nature and the will power to gain enough knowledge to develop the skills (Pedler et al. 2013, p.45). On the other side, the biggest weakness could be the stressful nature of a person. The opportunity is indicating the availability of the different learning centers to continue the further learning. The market recession and money can be counted among the threats for a person accordingly. Hargreaves et al. (2014, p.313) indicated that the evaluation of the proper SWOT analysis would be effective enough in justifying the process of continuous learning development. In such cases, the review of the opinions or ju dgments is very much necessary. The self-reflective learning is the linking between practical issues and the professional development. O'leary et al. (2011, p.462) referred that the self-reflective learning is helpful enough in learning through the developed contents used in the workplaces. The person who is working under an organisation is assigned with several responsibilities, which are needed to be maintained (Aris et al. 2014, p.334). In such times, the relevant combined approaches, techniques, level, and ideas can be useful for the enhancements of self-reflective learning. Evaluation of the benefits of self-managed learning to the Individual and Organisation Zakarevicius and Zuperkiene (2015, p.4345) stated that the self learning system is the initiative that people take themselves for the improvisation of their personal and professional skills. Therefore, it has been ensured that the positive impact of the self-manage learning is very much significant. Most of the graduates undertake such procedure for acquiring degree for their self improvement and skills development in the professional life. Skills based on Team Work It has been seen that the organisations are much fascinated by the teamwork efforts (Cottrell, 2015, p.112). The individuals are already skilled enough in considering the working within a group, as they were indulged into several group project activities in the university. Therefore, they can easily apply such skills within the Organizational activities. Skills based on Presentation If one individual is assigned with a particular topic, they gain the knowledge to present the project through the projectors (Akn and Tatar, 2013, p.48). Therefore, they can apply such skills within the organisation too while presenting any particular segmentation in front of the business clients. It influences their capacity to talk in a very skilled manner in front of the managers or the directors of the same company or other company. Skills based on Communication The system of self-manage learning is one of the most relevant ways to improve ones writing and communicational skills. The enhancements of such skills can be beneficial for the organisation in considering the achievement of the objectives. Fajardo Castaneda (2014, p.220) opined that the self-manage learning helps the individual to be independent and brave enough to face the challenges by applying their skills. They can even share their learning outcomes with the other individuals for the continuous improvements in future (Hinojosa, 2012, p.35). It has been indicated from the above discussion that if the individuals were undertaking such self-manage learning, it would be beneficial for the individuals as well as for the organisations. Even the organisations can meet the objectives by applying such skills gained through the self-manage learning system. The processes and activities required for implementing the learning development plan It is evident that the survival in this competitive world requires the continuous progress and upgraded skills. However, Nahata (2012, p.605) indicated that one must plan first which development procedures are needed to be undertaken. Individuals can improve their personal and professional skills by gaining knowledge from the upgraded journals, books or articles. There are so many of the training centers and learning coaching centers available. People can join them to gain knowledge (. Moreover, they can even attend the seminars, conferences, and campaigns for upgrading their skills by acquiring knowledge from the working professionals. The individuals can take parts on the voluntary works or may arrange some of the events related to the learning development. It would be relevant enough if the individuals can undertake the research activities or can publish the online blogs and articles (. The skills development takes place when an individual can train others, perform in the conference or give any kind of presentations in front of the working professionals. For the improvisation of the learning skills, people can communicate with the professionals from other departments, customers or the suppliers. Individual can join the committees, different group associations, etc. Reflection of the own learning against original aims and objectives set in the development plan It has been indicated that the personal and the professional development procedure needs the evaluation of the progressive nature of a person (Gonzales and Lambert, 2014, p.18). The progress will lead the person towards the self-assessment through the reflection of a proper developing plan. It is evident that the professional staffs are acquiring the knowledge about the self-manage assessment for justifying the exact needs of organisation. The learners are therefore gaining knowledge about the requirements and understanding what the organisation actually lacks. The subscription of the collection instruction helps in assisting the learners for the comprehension of the revolutionary approaches. With the help of such ways, the individuals are adapting the qualities more relevantly. This kind of techniques is evaluating the necessity of the study based on the particular zone. Ingram and Williams (2015, p.102) implied that by discussing about the segmentation, the individual can build up several communicational process, which is eventually enhancing their professional skills. On the other hand, Gerritsen-McKane et al. (2012, p.146) mentioned the relevance of the direct communicating process, which does not require any kind of research journals or paper. Therefore, in this learning process, the individual can directly communicate with other individual through conferences, seminars, and other social gatherings. Identification of the Solutions to work-based problems: High Employee Turnover, work related accidents, Job allocations, and team building: It is evident that the individuals have to face several difficulties while working under the organizations. There are some of the unfortunate situation can take place during the evaluation of the organizational process. Jackson (2012, p.867) identified that in some of the places, the human resource management of the company is not so much efficient in building the transparent relationship with the employees. Therefore, in time of the rising of any kind of internal conflicts, the employees are not able to communicate about their problem. Even on the other hand, it has been seen that while shifting the business entity in the different geographical places, the individuals get uncertain about their stability in work, which may cause the reason of employee turnover (Marlowe et al. 2014, p.102). In such cases, the Human Resource Management should build up the effective training period or needs to undertake the motivational activities. When the employees are provided with the effective trai ning session, they can enhance their personal as well as the professional skills (Nahata, 2012, p.332). Usually such enhancements are effective enough to avoid their turnovers. On the other aspects, it can be mentioned that if the management is allocating the job to the employees as per their expertise, they will be able to perform their jobs by evaluating their experiences and efficiency. The management of the Organisation needs to assure the safety and security approaches of the employees for the situational conditions. The consideration of the different motivational aspects can enhance the required skills of the employees. Rodrigue-Desnoyers (2011, p.105) indicated that the evaluation of the teamwork can also be considered as one of the major issues that may arise within the organizational internal scenario. It is very much indicative if the team members can motivate the other members by applying their professional skills. The new team members can also enhance their skills and the problem may get resolved accordingly. Variations of the communication styles for resolving the problem and application of the appropriate manner in different levels According to Shore (2012, p.156), the communication styles are differentiated in several divisions, like non-verbal, verbal, and preverbal. In justifying the working environment, the assertive communication skill is chosen to be one of the most relevant ways to resolve the problem. In some of the cases, the managers or the supervisors of the organisation communicate with the administrator by applying such method of communication. On the other hand, Alkin (2011, p.89) implied that the supervisors or the managers communicate with the employees in a very aggressive way. This kind of communicational process is effective enough in getting touch with the low-level staff. In fact, the individual can enhance their communicational transparency by communicating with the managers or the supervisors (Bolton, 2011, p.207). The realization of the required cooperation is needed to be considered while building the communicational transparency among the working professionals. Even in some of the cases, different signs are used as the ways of communications. Evaluation and the usefulness of effective time management strategies According to Tomlinson (2012, p.469), since the time management is considered as a quite tough procedure, it is very much important to structure the work process in a systematic way. If the task of assessing skills development process is given 7 days time, the periodic schedule is needed to be evaluated. While working with other professionals, the individuals get to learn about the proper time management in concerning the relevant areas for developing their skills (Noe et al. (2014, p.123). The team members can divide the tasks into parts for finishing the segments within the specified time. The expertise of the segmentation can be helpful for the members to present their own ideas while performing the tasks (Zakarevicius and Zuperkiene, 2015, p.470). The saving of the time will be effective enough for evaluating the proper time management for a specified project. The 7 days working procedure needs the advices of the revolutionary employees. If the employees can apply their skills for the required field, the task can be finished within the mentioned time. The compiling of the tasks from different employees will not take much time and the task will be completed. Updating the development plan based on the feedbacks and the evaluation It has been seen that the proper feedback sharing is very much significant for the future skill development of the individual. The working professionals are arranging such seminars and the conferences. In such conference, the individuals can ask questions and share their feedbacks. When the experienced professionals are answering of their queries, it is becoming very much useful for them to understand the relevant aspects as per their interests Cottrell, S. (2013, p.117). On the other hand, the use of the online media is assuring the sharing of the feedbacks by online rating system (Daft and Marcic, 2013, p.98). This is quite beneficial for the improvisation of the communicational skills and making them more attractive for the personal and professional development. The human resource management even helps the individuals for developing the personal and the professional skills by concerning the efficient communicational transparency building. The proper communication can resolve the internal conflicts that may arise within a business internal scenario and the employees can even discuss their feedbacks about the strategic implementations (Aris et al. 2014, p.4342). This is relevant enough for the individual for improving their personal and professional skills. Conclusion The entire study is following the proper and systematic way of developing the personal and the professional skills of an individual. The improvisation of the professional skills requires the evaluation of the effective recognizing of the self-expertise. Accordingly, the individual keeps on developing their upgraded knowledge about their interests. The job role posted on the social networking sites is effectively generalizing the requirements of developing their skills as per their interests. The feedback sharing process and attending of the seminars and the conference will be significantly enhancing the personal and the professional skills of the individual. Even if the individual can train others or join any training or learning center, it will be beneficial for the professionals in enhancing their personal and the professional career development. References Alkin, M. (2011). Evaluation essentials from A to Z. New York: Guilford Press. Aris, B. B., Ahmad, M. H., and Rosli, M. S. (2014). Assessing Knowledge and Skill of Information Technology.Applied Mathematical Sciences,8(87), 4343-4348. Akn, S. and Tatar, M. (2013). Effect of employment planning with professional education on expectation and personal development.EoR, pp.43-53. Bolton, G. (2011). Write yourself. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Cottrell, S. (2013).The study skills handbook. Palgrave Macmillan. Cottrell, S. (2015).Skills for Success: Personal Development and Employability. Palgrave Macmillan. Cummings, T., and Worley, C. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Daft, R., and Marcic, D. (2013).Building Management Skills: An Action-first Approach. Cengage Learning. Fajardo Castaneda, J. (2014). Learning to Teach and Professional Identity: Images of Personal and Professional Recognition.PROFILE Issues in Teachers' Professional Development, 16(2), pp.49-65. Gerritsen-McKane, R., Hunger, R. and Ofori-Dua, K. (2012). Professional perceptions of social work and potential impact on developing field.Qualitative Social Work. Gonzales, S., and Lambert, L. (2014). Teacher leadership in professional development schools: Emerging conceptions, identities, and practices.Journal of School Leadership,11(1), 6-24. Hargreaves, E., Gipps, C., and Pickering, A. (2014). Assessment for learning.Angela McLachlan, University of Manchester, UK, 313. Hinojosa, J. (2012). Personal Strategic Plan Development: Getting Ready for Changes in Our Professional and Personal Lives.American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(3), pp.e34-e38. Ingram, E., and Williams, J. (2015). Leadership Development in Change: A Panel to Explore Experiences, Skills, and Learning in Change Management for New Engineering Educators. InProceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Seattle, WA. Jackson, C. (2012). Leadership, capacity building and school improvement: concepts, themes and impact.Professional Development in Education, 38(5), pp.867-868. Kruckeberg, K., Amann, W. and Green, M. (2011). Leadership and personal development. Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age Pub. Marlowe, J., Appleton, C., Chinnery, S. and Van Stratum, S. (2014). The Integration of Personal and Professional Selves: Developing Students' Critical Awareness in Social Work Practice.Social Work Education, 34(1), pp.60-73. Nahata, M. (2012). Perspective on Personal and Professional Development.Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 46(4), pp.606-607. Nahata, M. (2012). Perspective on Personal and Professional Development.Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 46(4), pp.606-607. Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., and Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation ofAntecedents.Improving Training Effectiveness in WorkOrganizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-89. O'leary, M. B., Mortensen, M., and Woolley, A. W. (2011). Multiple team membership: A theoretical model of its effects on productivity and learning for individuals and teams.Academy of Management Review,36(3), 461-478. Patti, J., Holzer, A., Stern, R. and Brackett, M. (2012). Personal, Professional Coaching.Journal of Leadership Education, 11(1), pp.263-274. Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J., and Boydell, T. (2013).A Manager's Guide to Self-development. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Rodrigue-Desnoyers, E. (2011). Personal and professional impact.AORN Journal, 94(6), p.528. Shore, R. (2012). Meaningful Professional Development: A Personal Journey.NHSA Dialog, 15(1), pp.153-157. Shore, R. (2012). Meaningful Professional Development: A Personal Journey.NHSA Dialog, 15(1), pp.153-157. Tomlinson, H. (2012). Educational leadership. London: Sage Publications. Zakarevicius, P., and Zuperkiene, E. (2015). Improving the Development of Managers Personal and Professional Skills.Engineering Economics,60(5).